Ukraine has condemned unsubstantiated claims by Russia that Kyiv might use a "dirty bomb" - conventional explosives laced with radioactive material.
President Volodymyr Zelensky said this meant Russia itself could be preparing an attack of this kind.
Ukraine's allies also dismissed the claims, with the US saying it "rejected any pretext for Russian escalation".
Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu made the dirty bomb remarks in a call with his UK counterpart Ben Wallace.
He said he was "concerned about possible provocations by Kyiv involving the use of a dirty bomb".
On Sunday, Mr Shoigu also held a flurry of phone calls with defence ministers of the US, France and Turkey, voicing Moscow's alarm. He provided no evidence to back up his accusations.
Responding to this, President Zelensky accused Russia of being "the source of everything dirty that can be imagined in this war".
He said Russia was threatening the world "with a radiation disaster" at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant which it had captured and also spoke of Moscow's threats to detonate a major dam in southern Ukraine. The Kremlin denies the allegations.
The Ukrainian leader also stressed that "the world should react in the toughest possible way".
Meanwhile, Mr Wallace said he refuted Mr Shoigu's allegations that "Ukraine was planning actions facilitated by Western countries, including the UK, to escalate the conflict in Ukraine".
He also cautioned that such claims "should not be used as a pretext for greater escalation".
Similar comments were made by the US Secretary of Defence, Lloyd Austin, who spoke to Mr Shoigu on Sunday, in what was the second such phone call in days.
And in a joint statement, the foreign ministers of France, the UK and the US said their governments "all reject Russia's transparently false allegations that Ukraine is preparing to use a dirty bomb on its own territory", stressing that they would continue supporting Ukraine in "the face of President [Vladimir] Putin's brutal war of aggression".
Military analysts note that the Russian accusations come after a string of heavy Russian military defeats and as Ukrainian troops continue their counter-offensive operations in the east and south of the country.
The US-based Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said in a series of tweets that Mr Shoigu "likely sought to slow or suspend Western military aid to Ukraine and possibly weaken the Nato alliance in scare-mongering calls".
However, the ISW added: "The Kremlin is unlikely to be preparing an imminent false-flag dirty bomb attack. Shoigu's claims further a longstanding Russian information campaign."
In other developments on Sunday:
Ukraine's state energy company said it had partially restored electricity supplies following massive Russian missile and drone strikes
Russia's RT state broadcaster said it was suspending its senior employee Anton Krasovsky, after he was heard saying in a TV programme that Ukrainian children should be drowned or burned to death
Ukraine's security service SBU confirmed that Vyacheslav Bohuslayev, former head of the Motor Sich company, was arrested after being accused of illegally selling aviation engines to Russia
