At the same time, the pandemic pushed about 100 million
people into
extreme poverty, raising the global total to 711 million in 2021, according to a World Bank estimate cited by the analysis. Even more people would have fallen into poverty had many developed nations not enacted relief efforts to shield their residents from the financial fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic.
The World Inequality Report is based on more than four years of work by more than 100 researchers around the globe. Longtime inequality experts Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, both at the University of California, Berkeley, and Thomas Piketty of the Paris School of Economics coordinated the report with Chancel.
While
Covid-19 has deepened the divide between rich and poor, the world has long been unequal. Financial deregulation, privatization and less progressive taxation in richer countries and large-scale privatization in emerging economies have helped boost the fortunes of the wealthy in recent decades, the report said. Global inequality is close to where it was at the peak of Western imperialism in the early 20th century, it noted.
"The work that we've been doing really shows that, in fact, these claims -- or this idea of trickle-down economics -- does not pass the scrutiny of data," Chancel said. "Key lessons from the past 40 years of data is that the cuts in top tax rates have not triggered prosperity for all, as they were supposed to trigger."
The report recommends levying a tax on the wealthy to generate revenue that governments can use to reduce inequality and invest in education, health and
ecological measures. In the US, some Democrats recently floated a plan to tax billionaires to pay for their proposed social safety net expansion, but the effort quickly faded. Here are five more findings of the report:
Global wealth and income gaps are hugeThe richest 10% of the global population controls 76% of the world's wealth in 2021, according to the analysis. By contrast, the bottom 50% owns a mere 2%. The middle 40%, meanwhile, owns 22%.
When it comes to income, the top 10% captures 52% of global income, while the bottom 50% earns only 8%. The middle 40% makes 39%.
The rich are getting even wealthierThe top 1% captured 38% of global wealth growth between 1995 and 2021, while the bottom 50% secured just 2%, the report found. The
fortunes of the wealthy expanded at a much faster rate -- between 3% and 9% per year during that period. But the poorest half saw their wealth grow only between 3% and 4% per year. And since they own very little wealth, the overall amount did not rise much.
The wealth gap varies greatly by region
Latin America has the largest divide between the top 10%, which controls 77% of the wealth, and the bottom 50%, which owns a scant 1%. By contrast, Europe has the smallest gap. The top 10% owns 58% of total wealth versus 4% for the bottom 50%.
The large number of public programs that are available to low-income and middle class residents -- including free education, health care and culture -- are among the reasons why Europe is a less unequal society, Chancel said.
"Europe, with its very generous system of access to public services, has been able so far to contain the rise of inequalities, whereas the US has not been as much able to do so over the past decades," he said.
The global income divide has narrowed a bit, but remains high
The global income gap, which accounts for earnings such as wages, salaries, interest and dividends, has declined somewhat since 1980, as China and some other large developing countries catch up with North America and Europe.
"Average incomes have been increasing faster in China, in India, in Brazil, in the emerging world than in Europe and than in the USA," Chancel said. "Because of this effect, you have a reduction of global inequalities between those who live in China and those who live in other parts of the world."
The average income of the global top 10% was 38 times higher than that of the bottom 50% in 2020, compared to 53 times higher in 1980. However, the current level is comparable to the income gap in 1910, when the average income of the global top 10% was 41 times higher.
But even with average incomes on the rise in emerging nations such as China and India, inequality within these countries has increased.
"This has really slowed progress in terms of reduction of global inequalities," he said. "And this has also slowed progress in terms of reduction of poverty." The study adjusts incomes in countries to account for differences in the cost of goods and services, a practice known as purchasing power parity.
While much of the report's data focuses on income inequality before taxes and government benefits transfers, the researchers also examined the impact of these factors on the gap. They found that while taxes and transfers modestly reduce inequality, the divide remains "extremely high" in regions that were already very unequal.
Women's income still lags behind earnings of men
The analysis provides the first estimates of global earnings inequality by gender. Women's share of total income from work stands at just under 35% for the 2015 to 2020 period. But the figure varies widely by country, ranging from less than 10% to 45%. The share is highest in the former Soviet Union countries and the lowest is in parts of
Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. At the current rate of growth, it will take more than a century for women's earnings to reach parity with men's, the report found.
